CBD

This post is preceded by 2 posts on sleep. These three posts are designed to be viewed together.

I started to get interested in medicinal marijuana about five years ago. There were a few examples of ME/CFS patients who used various marijuana medicinals for pain, inflammation and sleep.  Most resided in states where medical marijuana was legal or about to become legal.

Cannabis has over 70 cannabinoids of which the most well known is THC, the psychoactive part of the plant.  A second component or cannabinoid has recently received a good deal of attention. It is CBD or cannabidiol. CBD is believed to have various medicinal activities.

The Federal government continues to list marijuana as a schedule 1 drug. One very great consequence of this is that research into marijuana is severely and intentionally restricted. With more states legalizing marijuana, the bigger states are starting to do some research into this plant. Research continues in Israel, Spain, UK and Italy, but it is, predictably, underfunded.

Anyone who wants to engage this subject is going to have to proceed on their own, guided by trial and error.

In reality there are two allied plants, cannabis and hemp. Cannabis is loaded with THC, while hemp has very little. Both have a great many other cannabinoids including CBD, CBN, CBG, and CBDa.

CBD from marijuana has always been touted as the gold standard of CBD. Some propose that in order to be effective CBD needs to have a certain amount of THC with it. Marijuana CBD is restricted to states where marijuana is legal. It appears that Mary's Medicinals makes good products. 

About five years ago, there were only a few companies that produced CBD from hemp. These CBDs were legal, but their quality was challenged by many, including the marijuana CBD makers. Also the FDA objected to the claims of some of these hemp CBD producers.

It remains to be determined if hemp CBD is as good as marijuana. However, certainly things have radically changed in the last few years; there has been an astonishing amount of sophisticated hemp CBD that is available through the Internet. Hemp CBD is legal in all 50 states.

There is a growing body of positive anecdotal information of hemp CBD use, but there is very little of what one might call real science. This might change but I wouldn’t hold my breath. The main claim for both forms of CBD is that they reduce pain and diminish anxiety. Hemp CBD has been called “calming drops” by my own daughter.

The question remains. Will CBD be useful to ME/CFS patients? We are about to find out, as more patients are giving this a try. As with almost everything with this illness, the process is wholly trial and error. Additionally, every treatment must be individualized.

The present choice in high grade, organic hemp CBD is quite surprising. At one end one finds Mary’s Nutritionals pure CBD. This has been heated and refined to take all terpenes and additional cannabinoids out of the solution, leaving only pure refined CBD oil. This oil is at the expensive end of the spectrum. One can find similar CBDs at RSHO with their RSHO-X - no trace of THC, pure organic hemp CBD.  At the other end of the spectrum is raw unadulterated, unheated hemp CBD, also organic, some grown in the US.  A good example of this can be found at Nu-Leaf. These products have CBDa and CBD along with terpenes and all the cannabinoids in the hemp plant, producing what is referred to as the "entourage effect". The entourage effect is the supposed but unknown interaction of all the cannabinoids and terpenes working together.  In between, and cheaper, is a heated, partially refined CBD that can be settled on in various places. Read about this at Endoca.

As there are arguments as to whether THC is necessary to make things go, so there are arguments between the use of pure refined hemp CBD oil versus the raw plant oil with all the terpenes and host of cannabinoids that work together to create the “entourage effect”. The positive way to look at this is that there are many options to try.

In addition to oil, there are pastes, extracts, pills, crystals, gels and suppositories. This industry has exploded. Put a Google alert on hemp CBD and start reading.

The rationale for using CBD in ME/CFS lies in the thought that ME/CFS might be connected to an Endocannabinoid Deficiency. Here is an article on the Endocannabinoid system. Here is another one. Finally, here is an interview with Dr. Ethan Russo on CBD and Endocannabinoid Deficiency.

The study of the Endocannabinoid system can be said to have begun by the Israeli scientist Raphael Mechoulam with the discovery of the psychotropic cannabinoid THC in the mid-1960’s. (Dr. Mechoulam remains the foremost marijuana researcher in the world.) Further research identified the brain receptor CB1 in the early 1990s, quickly followed by the discovery of a second receptor CB2 located throughout the human body. With these discoveries the Endocannabinoid System was identified, leading to discoveries that this very system helps regulate a host of processes in the body - and the awareness that deficiencies might have some connection to chronic illness. 

With so many dysregulations and disconnects in this strange illness of ME/CFS, it is worth considering that these patients suffer also from Endocannabinoid Deficiency System. The supposition is that these deficiencies, these Endocannabinoid deficiencies, can be corrected – with CBD or other cannabinoid items. Certainly the symptoms of Endocannabinoid Deficiency seem to shadow ME/CFS symptoms.

There is additional study and use of other cannabinoids from hemp and cannabis for seizures, sleep, pain, anxiety, migraines, wound healing, and the rest. You name it and some cannabinoid is reputed to help treat it. THCa is in the raw cannabis plant. If one heats THCa it converts to THC. The straight marijuana plant can be treated in a cold fashion (unheated) - and the THCa preserved. THCa is a non-psychoactive compound, which is reputed to have many of the qualities of CBD. CBN is another interesting cannabinoid. CBN can be increased in the marijuana plant material by aging the main product, exposing it to sun and light for a long time – months. Converted into a medicinal, either a tincture or a salve, CBN is reputed to have high sedative effects. Others say that the sedative effect of this aged product comes from the aged terpenes. CBG is another cannabinoid that is gaining interest, also for the same properties – its calming and sedative properties.

My main interest at the moment is in these various cannabinoids as sleep enhancing agents. Not to beat a dead horse, but a good sleep sensor is very helpful in seeing changes wrought by different compounds in different arrangements. A pulse and oxygen saturation monitor also could be helpful, in conjunction with low-dose oxygen. A sleep sensor can separate out and determine sleep initiation, sleep duration, length of sleep entirety or sections of sleep. This can be immediately obvious and adjustments made based on the sensor readings.

So the world is working its way back to cannabinoids, which does not make everyone happy. There is a great battle going on, and it is not difficult to identify its outline and terrain. Where this will go we do not know. The surprising thing is that cannabinoids have been used as medicinals for thousands of years before being put out of business in the US in 1934 and then really put in the slammer by Richard Nixon in the mid-1970s.

Both ME/CFS physicians Paul Cheney and John Chia have used CBD with their patients. 

Here is an additional blog that has information on CBD.

What is written about is educational in nature. It is not medical advice. Please consult your physician (if you have one) for medical advice. 

Sleep in ME/CFS

The sensor helps gather some important objective information - when the patient goes to sleep, when she is awake, her heart rate and movement, when the patient awakes. One can quibble that the measurement of various types of sleep are only estimations, but I maintain that over time one gets an idea about what one might be able to do to improve sleep. Certainly, over time, one can decipher a better night's sleep from a worse night's sleep. One can detect patterns of improvement or regression. One can ask why and try various supplements or drugs. 

Let me make some suggestions as to what might help. None of this should be taken as medical advice. I am not a doctor and have never had the slightest interest in being one (although I have taught a number of terrific doctors!).

Vasoactive Intestinal peptide

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide with a host of activities in the human body. In ME/CFS, it was studied by Don Staines about ten years ago. Very little follow up study in ME/CFS has been done of this neuropeptide. One wonders why. Both Dr. Paul Cheney and Dr. Ritchie Shoemaker used it in their practices with varying success (until they retired). Dr. Shoemaker describes it here, as it applies to CIRS.  It appears to have broad activity. Dr. Cheney believes it helps reboot the deranged sleep cycle in the illness. The idea is that it needs to be taken from 9-18 months to have effect. VIP is taken in very small amounts by mouth several times a day. VIP can be procured by prescription from one compounding pharmacy in the US. Various testimonials can be found on VIP activities in ME/CFS by searching online, although not a whole lot is available. VIP is a vasodilator that seems to potentiate other drugs or supplements. It is believed to help with sleep. As part of the Cheney protocol it is described here.  This is from several years ago. Testing VIP levels can be done at ARUP labs. Other labs appear to be unreliable.

B12

In the last two or three years, I have learned about transdermal or liposomal delivery of various items, including B12. B12 can be very effective when injected, either methyl or hydroxyl or both. However, for certain patients, injections present a real problem. One very nice solution is the transdermal b12 oils, made in Australia. They can purchased through b12oils.com. This company makes an adenoysl B12 spray as well as both methyl and hydroxyl and various other combinations, including a transdermal b-complex. The oils are delivered by a predetermined sized spray to be rubbed directly on the skin. There are several discussions of b12 oils on Phoenix Rising. This product increases B12 on an OAT test. B12 is closely linked to B2. One can also buy or make several different liposomal b12s. Liposomal products generally are better absorbed. Taking methyl b12 can help with sleep.

Magnesium

A number of years ago I began looking around for ways to get magnesium in the body other than through pills or injections. I came upon a magnesium sulfate cream made by KirkmanLabs. This is effective for short durations, perhaps an hour or two. Ultimately, I explored how to make transdermal magnesium myself. This could be both cheaper and allow me to make larger amounts. Through the internet I have learned to make a transdermal magnesium chloride cream that allows a serious uptake of magnesium. It is especially helpful if applied prior to sleep. It is relatively inexpensive, and it works. Applied in enough volume to the skin, magnesium is critical in putting a person on the road to sleep. Its duration of activity seems to be two hours at the most. To further increase magnesium, I have learned to make emulsified or liposomal products.  Specifically, I have learned how to liposomalize magnesium threonate. This really helps taken prior to sleep or during the night, and it lasts considerably longer than the lotion. In my view, magnesium is a key to solid sleep. Various liposomal magnesium products can be bought online or from compounding pharmacies. They tend to be expensive. 

5-htp, SAM-e, Uridine

It is very difficult to determine what might help slow wave sleep. A few supplements have some anecdotal testimonies. Among these are 5-htp and SAM-e and Uridine. All are mentioned as increasing deep or slow wave sleep. Both of these can be put in a protocol and tested against a sleep sensor. One can quickly determine in a few weeks whether a particular item might improve sleep. 

Piracetam

Piracetam is a prescription drug in Europe. In the USA, it is available as a supplement. It was the first of what are known as nootropics. Piracetam is widely studied but not in ME/CFS. It is hard to believe that there is so little research on this substance in ME/CFS. However, there is some good  information on Piracetam on various sites. The first is cfsremission and can be read here. Scroll down on this page by Maija Haavisto and read what she says. The third is included in a book and website by Erica Verrillo here. In certain cases, Piracetam can have a profound affect on sleep. As is usual, the opposite can happen also. Two more widely employed studies on Piracetam and oxidative stress can be found here and here. Piracetam can be liposomalized. 

Other items

Other items that are worth testing for sleep are GABA/theanine liposomal spray, glycine, l-ornithine, melatonin, valerian root, bacopa, and others. All need to be tested as trial and error.

Drugs

Several drugs are suggested for restoring deep sleep in ME/CFS. Among these are Trazadone and Xyrem. I don’t not know much about Trazadone, but I myself would be worried about a dependency on an anti-depressant. Many drugs are double-edged swords. Some believe that severe ME is the result of negative drug reactions - and. from my own situation, I would tend to believe this. Xyrem is a miracle drug for some patients, with ME/CFS and otherwise. It was studied a few years back by Klimas, with favorable results. Xyrem is capable of putting some patients into regular and sustained deep sleep. It can bring significant benefit to ME/CFS patients, provided they can tolerate the drug. As with many drugs, Xyrem appears to lose efficacy over time - and it also seems to have various unpleasant side effects for some, including heightened daytime anxiety and driving hunger. Xyrem is heavily regulated and controlled by Jazz Pharmaceuticals, which holds a monopoly. Back when it was held by Orphan drugs, Dr. Enlander was interested in doing trials for ME/CFS. In the 1990s, GBH could be procured in a health food store for $30. Xyrem now costs thousands of dollars. It is prescribed mostly for Narcolepsy and Cataplexy.  By definition one cannot have narcolepsy without cataplexy. In my opinion, ME/CFS is a cataplexic illness. All patients should qualify for taking this drug. I have seen this work in certain patients and it is impressive. In 2009, Klimas was onto this treatment, but she seems to have been discouraged by the difficulties in procuring it. 

Low dose oxygen

For years ME/CFS patients have taken nasal oxygen. Generally it seems to relax patients and help prepare them for sleep. Oxygen at higher levels is believed to be toxic to ME/CFS. At lower levels it works in a paradoxical fashion, as recently described by Dr. Paul Cheney. The closer one can take low-dose oxygen to sleep time, the more effective it can be. Certainly a trial of taking low-dose oxygen during the first part of the night is warranted. It seems to blunt awakenings caused by a stress response to low oxygen saturation. One can get a hint of this on a sleep sensor program. More particularly, oxygen saturation can be measured by a simple device placed on the finger and wrist at night. This device measures oxygen saturation and heart rate, so that the problem can be identified. It appears that a good number of patients respond well to low-dose oxygen during sleep. 

And then there is hemp and marijuana based CBD
These CBDs, along with CBN and THCa, and maybe CBG are incredibly promising as a sleep treatment in ME/CFS. I will write a bit about this in my next post.

Dr. John Chia and Enterovirus. Old hat? Nope - a key.

Recently, the 12th Invest in ME conference in London ended. This ME/CFS conference is three days of serious research discussion and presentations. It is one of the best conferences on difficult diseases. The sponsors Richard and Pia Simpson exert an extreme effort to put on this conference, a conference which expands in scope every year. These two individuals are extraordinary people.

One wonders, with all the comprehensive research at this conference, if Dr. Chia and his Enteroviral research were even mentioned at the Invest in ME conference conversations this year?

Is it possible that the low level of response to his research will continue indefinitely? Let's hope not.

Dr. John Chia knows that enteroviruses are a cause of ME/CFS.

I first met Dr. John Chia at the Invest in ME conference many years ago. Dr. Chia made a presentation on enterovirus and ME/CFS. He has made several other presentation at Invest in ME and I have written about him before, here and here and here and here.

Recently I came upon the NIH RFI request sent out this spring. Various people responded and the publication of responses can be found here. Dr. Chia's is the third response down, talking about his subject - enteroviral involvement in ME/CFS. The real question is if anyone - specifically the NIH - will pick up the thread.

Dr. Chia made a three-hour presentation on Enteroviruses at the IACFS/ME conference in the fall of 2016. In it, he makes the case that he has been making for many years now.

Dr. Chia keeps working on enteroviruses involvement in ME/CFS. He is undeterred and is committed to continue until there is a solution. In the meantime, Dr. Chia treats patients with oxymatrine. A certain percentage respond. He also uses Epivir in some cases. More recently he recommends dihydroquercitin and specifically Swanson's Russian Rejuvenator. Dihydroquercitin appears to inhibit coxsackie b4 virus and stabilizes mast cells. It has various other activities - anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, combats oxidative stress - that you can read about online. It suppresses the release of histamine.

Dr. Chia has no problem with the recent metabolome data coming from Naviaux, seeing it as a step in the process of ME/CFS. He believes that a number of drugs might modulate the cellular function in the brain but eventually the viral replication or related mechanisms will have to be inhibited. This will come with anti-virals against coxsackie B and Echo viruses. It is known that two European companies are working on a anti-viral coxsackie drug, but they keep their work very quiet. The companies working on this have extra motivation now, knowing that their market for this drug is greater than originally thought.

By sheer chance, my daughter started doing the ARUP coxsackie antibody test in 2005. Only in 2007 did I hear Dr. Chia state the importance of doing this specific test. My daughter's antibodies to CVB4 and CVB3 have been at the top of the range for ten years. To me this means something, as opposed to many other test results, which are indeterminate. I know a lot of people with ME/CFS - and a good number of doctors who try to treat it. To all of them I urge doing the coxsackie antibody test via neutralization at ARUP. Amazingly, I have yet to convince one patient or one doctor to do this test. This in itself says something - and it is not good. It appears that they just do not want to know.

More can be read on Dr. Chia and enteroviruses on the Phoenix Rising forum and another one on PR here.

There are a number of interesting responses in the NIH RFI cited above. For instance check out Dr. William Weir's response. It is the second one from the top.