Dr. John Chia and Enterovirus. Old hat? Nope - a key.

Recently, the 12th Invest in ME conference in London ended. This ME/CFS conference is three days of serious research discussion and presentations. It is one of the best conferences on difficult diseases. The sponsors Richard and Pia Simpson exert an extreme effort to put on this conference, a conference which expands in scope every year. These two individuals are extraordinary people.

One wonders, with all the comprehensive research at this conference, if Dr. Chia and his Enteroviral research were even mentioned at the Invest in ME conference conversations this year?

Is it possible that the low level of response to his research will continue indefinitely? Let's hope not.

Dr. John Chia knows that enteroviruses are a cause of ME/CFS.

I first met Dr. John Chia at the Invest in ME conference many years ago. Dr. Chia made a presentation on enterovirus and ME/CFS. He has made several other presentation at Invest in ME and I have written about him before, here and here and here and here.

Recently I came upon the NIH RFI request sent out this spring. Various people responded and the publication of responses can be found here. Dr. Chia's is the third response down, talking about his subject - enteroviral involvement in ME/CFS. The real question is if anyone - specifically the NIH - will pick up the thread.

Dr. Chia made a three-hour presentation on Enteroviruses at the IACFS/ME conference in the fall of 2016. In it, he makes the case that he has been making for many years now.

Dr. Chia keeps working on enteroviruses involvement in ME/CFS. He is undeterred and is committed to continue until there is a solution. In the meantime, Dr. Chia treats patients with oxymatrine. A certain percentage respond. He also uses Epivir in some cases. More recently he recommends dihydroquercitin and specifically Swanson's Russian Rejuvenator. Dihydroquercitin appears to inhibit coxsackie b4 virus and stabilizes mast cells. It has various other activities - anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, combats oxidative stress - that you can read about online. It suppresses the release of histamine.

Dr. Chia has no problem with the recent metabolome data coming from Naviaux, seeing it as a step in the process of ME/CFS. He believes that a number of drugs might modulate the cellular function in the brain but eventually the viral replication or related mechanisms will have to be inhibited. This will come with anti-virals against coxsackie B and Echo viruses. It is known that two European companies are working on a anti-viral coxsackie drug, but they keep their work very quiet. The companies working on this have extra motivation now, knowing that their market for this drug is greater than originally thought.

By sheer chance, my daughter started doing the ARUP coxsackie antibody test in 2005. Only in 2007 did I hear Dr. Chia state the importance of doing this specific test. My daughter's antibodies to CVB4 and CVB3 have been at the top of the range for ten years. To me this means something, as opposed to many other test results, which are indeterminate. I know a lot of people with ME/CFS - and a good number of doctors who try to treat it. To all of them I urge doing the coxsackie antibody test via neutralization at ARUP. Amazingly, I have yet to convince one patient or one doctor to do this test. This in itself says something - and it is not good. It appears that they just do not want to know.

More can be read on Dr. Chia and enteroviruses on the Phoenix Rising forum and another one on PR here.

There are a number of interesting responses in the NIH RFI cited above. For instance check out Dr. William Weir's response. It is the second one from the top.

This time of year - and Severe ME/CFS

It is that time of year again. Holiday time and the New Year is the saddest season for ME/CFS patients. While the dance of life goes on for many people, ME/CFS patients feel the heightened sense of abandonment and despair.

We need to try to do more to relieve their suffering.

I have felt for a long time that the key to the illness – should there be a key – lies with the severely ill. These patients at ground zero of this illness need to be studied - and studied in depth.

This is more possible today than any time prior. There are commercially available tests that could uniformly be applied to this patient group. I could list some of them, but I will forgo this at this time. And then there are the research tests that would delve even deeper.

Please excuse the repetition as I quote a few items from my previous blog posts.  As Stravinsky said, some things need repeating.

“It is my belief that we, collectively, have to look more closely at the most severely ill ME patients. It is my belief that they harbor, in their severity, the keys to this illness. Most doctors do not see the most severely ill. Dr. Kenny De Meirleir, in his trips into Norwegian homes, treats the very ill. Dr. Paul Cheney and Dr. David Bell also have occasionally seen the severely ill. Perhaps others have - and hats off to them.

But, by and large, the severe patient is isolated from everyone. The severely ill ME patients cannot get to a doctor's office. They languish in darkened rooms, cut off from reality, isolated and often abandoned, and without medical care. It appears that no one cares a whit about them. It is these patients on whom we have to focus our attention - both for their sake and for ours. More effort has to be made to "get in close," although this, in itself, is difficult under even the best of circumstances.

I know of a number of these patients. They have the willingness to participate, through testing, in their own potential betterment - provided that the severity of their situation is taken into consideration. Many already have had testing for immune function, NK cell activity, cytokine disregulation, gut dysbiosis, brain scans and so forth. Consistent testing needs to be applied to these patients using existing parameters - if only to set the stage for future possibilities that will soon arise.

Most people do not want to take a look in this direction. Most people turn away - including doctors. It is time to toughen up - and to consider these patients, and what they are going through. Testing of the moderately ill has not brought clarity. We need to brace up, take a good look and then move in close. While it is difficult it is the only decent and humane thing to do.”

“Until those at the center of this illness - those in darkened rooms - are depicted, embraced and understood, nothing will happen at the government level.

In order to set the tone, videos of severely ill patients should be presented at the beginning of any government or private conference on ME/CFS. Voices from the Shadows, Josh Biggs' and Natalie Boulton's very fine film (or similar videos), should be mandatory - to set the stage and to get the participants in the right frame of mind.

There is clear evidence that the government has no interest in this. Multiple times they have been given the opportunity to present visual evidence of the severity of the illness, and they have said no.  The government is content to give a grieving altar to the moderately ill and leave it at that.

The very, very ill have big problems. Everything around them represents a threat to their health. They need to be protected at every level – protected from doctors, from roofers, from plumbers, from realtors, from neighbors, from movement, from noise and vibration, from friends, from family, from hospitals, from water, air, chemicals, mold – from everything.”

“And what about the others - what about the really sick ones?

There is really only one way to present this illness, and it needs to be done more often. The face of this illness lies in the presentation of the severely ill patients. This is one of the real values of Laurel's CFSAC video testimony in October 2009. She did us a very great favor to make this video, visually and audibly describing her condition. This courageous and heartrending video that has so much power and dignity. We need to see more of these kinds of videos - images and pictures of the severely disabled. This is where the visual information lies - down near the bottom.

"Walled up:

Imagine a patient who cannot stand, who has extreme fatigue and must live a horizontal life. Imagine a person who is functionally blind from light sensitivity and eye muscle fatigue and wears a blinder 24/7. Imagine how this blindness might further limit this person's ability to move. Imagine this person with sound sensitivity so bad that they cannot tolerate the phone ringing or dogs barking outside. Imagine a person whose skin is sore and sensitive to the touch. Imagine a person who cannot focus their thoughts, has short term memory deficit, or can't speak clearly because of neurological deficits ("brain fog"). Imagine a person who has seizures, spasms and twitches. Imagine a person who has lost their sense of smell - or has hypersensitivity to smells. Imagine a person who cannot speak, or cannot speak above a whisper. Imagine a person with a feeding tube, IV medication, and oxygen. Imagine living in a world where things coming in and things going out don't happen. Take a good look. This is ME/CFS at the core. My friends in the UK call it ME. It is worth noting that all ME/CFS patients are on a continuum, shifting whimsically up or down the scale over the years.”

Incidentally these severe patients have measurable abnormalities that characterize the illness.

I have written about the film Voices from the Shadows here. Allow me to quote one part of this review.

“And yet the film does focus on "those who do not back away" - the caregivers. These caregivers are trying valiantly to save their loved ones, but the stress is in their eyes, in their movements. It is a very difficult position to be in, to chose to move in close and support the very ill patient. Moments of interchange between the caregiver and patient are excruciatingly poignant and painful. This illness is terrible for the patients. It robs them of much of life's normal activities and interaction, and yet the caregiver, in his or her giving, suffers terribly also - and this film delivers that message. A properly balanced interaction between caregiver and patient - something that is extremely difficult to get right - is depicted with extraordinary sensitivity by these filmmakers.’

"Natalie Boulton has also done us a great favor in writing and editing her fine book, Lost Voices, a gathering or set of stories and pictures of severely ill UK ME patients. The book was published by InvestinME in 2008. It gives the clearest picture currently available of this illness, and is the most valuable resource for coming to terms with its reality. Otherwise there are various videos on youtube made by patients, and by the providers of these very sick patients. Many of the older videos that I viewed years ago - ones that were quite frightening to me - have disappeared off the internet. Soon we will have additional contributions in this area, and they will be welcomed for what they are - clear documents of the core of this ME/CFS illness.

This, of course, is not an easy subject. It is a delicate issue - this severe private illness that takes place in darkened rooms - and from many points of view. But I think we have to have the courage to put pictures and videos - with clear explanations - out into the world in order to show the serious consequences of this illness. This illness needs a face, a real face.

I was in the conference hall in London several years back when Dr. Kenny de Meirleir showed videos of desperately ill, bed bound patients in Norway. The video was extreme, showing a patient lying in a bed in a darkened room, with a feeding tube, wearing a blinder and ear protectors. The sheets were suspended above the patient due to intolerance of the weight and pain of the sheets. It was a riveting, terrifying video, an image straight out of Dante. At the same time, Dr. de Meirleir had a young woman speak about her "walled up" sister, who she had not seen in four years - even though they lived in the same house. It was easy to sense that this presentation shocked the audience, an audience consisting of patients or those familiar with the illness. It was as if Dr. de Meirleir had done something inappropriate. But for me, it was a revelation, and that moment has percolated in my mind ever since.

How can this illness be presented to the uninformed - doctors, researchers, journalists, friends and families - in a profound way? I think you have to go "to the core". It is like going inside of the smashed nuclear reactor and viewing the exposed fuel rods.

Certainly, at the moment, the face of this illness has not registered with the public at large, and listing a long list of symptoms is not going to cut it. I want a video in my hand that depicts the "very bottom" - a video that I can hand to Dr. Harvey Alter and say : "Dr. Alter, take a look at this." - and hand it to any number of people with the same intention. There is a need to provoke people into the recognition of the true devastation that this illness inflicts on patients - and caregivers.”

Such were some of my comments from the past. If I ever had a conspicuous idea about this illness it is to study the severity of it. Hopefully things are about to change in this regard and I will write more about this soon.

In the meantime, I have five or six ME/CFS friends who have made substantial improvement in the last few years. Most had the illness at a moderate to serious level and were disabled in one way or another, suffering serious consequences to their lives. Each of them pursued various avenues to betterment and there was no commonality to what brought them to some betterment - and a couple to substantial betterment.  No commonality, and yet they have the same illness. Their diverse treatments included antibiotics, acupuncture, Valtrex, methylation supplements, uv light therapy, thyroid regulation, dietary changes, Chinese herbs, jin shin jyutsu, ozone therapy - and cannabis.  Each had to find their own path through trial and error. This is an important bit of information.

Yesterday I read this article, which I found of interest.

IACFS/ME - and then Mission Delores

At the end of this year's IACFS/ME meeting I headed out on foot to the Mission District and to visit an old favorite: Mission Delores. Over the years, I have come here often, as well as many of the other missions up and down the coast of California. (The mission system was sort of the CDC of the late 18th and early 19th centuries)

Mission Delores and its cemetery are featured in a mistily mysterious scene in Hitchcock's "Vertigo" - one of my favorite films. I am going to watch it again when I get home.

The day was sunny and warm and the sweet smell of dope wafted through the air in the Mission District - as the locals were seeking their medicinal or medical improvements. Crowds of people flocked to a local park to see a concert of the Rollin' Snows or the Scoobie Doos.

The IACFS/ME conference ended Sunday afternoon. The IACFS/ME conference was four, very long days, running March 20-23. Always I find this conference too long - and too broad in its reach. I suppose I understand why the planners do this, as they have a large constituency to please or honor - but they include so many items that I consider to be auxiliary. To me parts of this conference are like watching a bad movie over and over - or falling to one's death off a very tall building.

I come to these conferences as an observer - to watch and listen. I don't think of myself as a participant, but more of an outsider or outlier. I am in the process of my own illness discovery. I figure that I represent my daughter, who cannot be here.

Over time I have learned to be very selective in going to lectures. This time I think that I went to five. I am happier just looking at the poster papers, and talking to old and new friends. This is my fourth IACFS/ME, and it functions as a touchstone of sorts. I just wish it were more focused. I have learned what a focused conference can be. I saw it at the Stanford Conference, I see it at Mt. Sinai, and I see it every year at the Invest in ME conference in London.

Am I giving a mixed message here? Yes I am giving a mixed message.

Dr. John Chia delivered two important talks. It has been seven years since Dr. Chia's pivotal paper was published showing enterovirus protein found in stomach tissue of ME/CFS patients. No one has followed up with this paper. It just sits there with its weight of ME history leaning on it. Meanwhile Dr. Chia continues his superb research - on his own, in virtual isolation. Dr. Chia gave two talks in a section on "Virology Research", chaired by Dr. Jose Montoya. (I hope that Dr. Montoya was listening.) The first talk was entitled "Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in patients with ME/CFS is associated with chronic enterovirus infection of ovarian tubes" and the second was entitled "Pathogenesis of chronic enterovirus infection in ME/CFS - in vitro and in vivo studies of infected stomach tissue". Regarding the second study, "Of 24 mice injected with VP1+, and RNA+ stomach biopsies, 2 died in two weeks and13/20 (66%) spleen specimens tested positive for VP1 where 1 of 10 controls tested positive for VP1 by immunoperoxidase staining."

("If they do not believe in death, then what do they believe in?"). Of course there is the possibility that these mice died of sneezing fits - or committed suicide.

There was considerable interest during the question period and Dr. Chia answered a host of questions. He also made a hard-nosed presentation, and defense, of his research over the years, stating that "I have spent considerable time trying to convince people that I am right. Now it is time for others to prove that I am wrong". Perhaps soon we will finally be able to answer this question, whether Dr. Chia is right or wrong. I am betting on his being right.

Dr. Maureen Hanson's team gave a talk, "Plasma cytokines in ME/CFS patients and controls before and after a cardiopulmonary exercise test." Dr. Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik's team gave a presentation on NK cells. There has been a string of exciting research coming out of this lab.  Dr. Gradisnik will also be making a presentation in May at the Invest in ME conference.

It seemed a great oversight that Dr. Carmen Scheibenbogen was not giving a talk or a poster paper. I don't think she was even here. I could say the same about other UK or European researchers. Nothing was presented or mentioned about Dr. Joseph Brewer's recent work in mycotoxins. This seemed a slight oversight. Dr. Brewer made a recent presentation at the Lyme conference in October and will follow up at the next ILADS conference. So someone besides myself must know of his existence?

Where were research concerns involving gut ecology, the metabolome, mitochondria, lipid membranes (Yes, it was great to see Dr. Garth Nicholson's poster paper), mycotoxins and a host of important subjects? What world do these people live in? What illness are they studying?

The strength of this conference lies in its poster papers. This year there were several exciting presentations. I took note of Dr. Maureen Hanson's gut biome study in ME/CFS. Dr. Hanson will be giving a talk at the Invest in ME conference this May. She will be able to trade notes with Dr. Simon Carding, who is also working on a gut biome study in ME/CFS. Dr. Hanson reminded me that her colleague, Dr. Ruth Ley, works mostly in the gut biome arena. Incidentally, there seems to be a percolating effort to have ME/CFS patients do their biome study through Ubiome. The objective would be to publish their own biome study. Is this a good idea or what? - and it all sounds vaguely familiar.

There was another study out of Griffith University of the team of Dr. Sonya Marshall Gradisnik. Nancy Klimas and her group had an entire host of poster papers. I hope these poster papers become readily available.

The most interesting poster papers were two by Dr. Paul Cheney. Dr. Cheney has always contributed one or two important poster papers. One yearns for Dr. Cheney to be given a chunk of time to make a full presentation of his ideas. Dr. Cheney does best in three-hour slots of time, so he could have a morning session, a break for him to rest for a half-hour (but does he need it?), and then an afternoon session. This could go on for two or three days. And then maybe we could have a comprehensive conversation of what might be happening in this illness. But, of course, this is not going to happen. Instead we have to content ourselves with Dr. Cheney's self-published studies, and with Dr. Cheney's riveting explanations in front of his poster paper. He gives it willingly and repeatedly.

Asked what he does for his patients, Dr. Cheney says that "he stabilizes them".

I witnessed a few snippy engagements and comments, which are always interesting to me - and which I will keep to myself. I watched old adversaries be cordial and even respectful to each other.

The conference awards dinner had an especially good feeling to it. Nancy Klimas got a top award, which she certainly deserves. Dan Peterson gave the Keynote Address and took us on a stroll down memory lane. He described the history of IACFS/ME meetings, in the process recognizing many individuals in the audience, including Hillary Johnson, the gifted writer. Dr. Peterson showed a short video with 1990's video snippets of the early heroes in this struggle - Komaroff, Cheney, Bell, Klimas and Peterson himself. It was a hoot to see Nancy Klimas as a young clinician/researcher. This video was a lot of fun. Dr. Peterson has a special skill, either natural or developed, of getting the flow going in a positiive direction.

I was surprised, really surprised - and pleasantly surprised - to see Pia and Richard Simpson of Invest in ME receive an award. Never were there two people who have less interest in awards. Instead, they are interested in science - and money to fuel research. So if you have extra money, after giving to John Chia's EV Med Research, write a big check to Pia and Richard Simpson and Invest in ME.

Now that Richard and Pia have been recognized by IACFS/ME for their stupendous efforts, maybe the steering committee of the IACFS/ME group can select a group of "Important People" to actually make the journey to the upcoming Invest in ME conference - and thus learn a bit about how to organize a meaningful conference.

One thing that always, always irritates me about this IACFS/ME conference is the lack of attention to the severely ill. In fact, I have trouble connecting the severity of my daughter's illness with anything that happens at this conference. I do not think that most of the people who attend this conference have the slightest clue as to the true nature of this illness. They look at the half-sick, always at peak times, and draw their conclusions - if they only did a little more exercise.

And it is my belief that they do not want to know. I have observed the displeasure incurred by Dr. Kenny De Meirleir at an Invest in ME conference for presenting videos of very seriously ill patients from Norway, and for the testimony of a young woman who lived in the same house with a severely ill sister and had not seen her sister for four years. And then there is the whole anxiety about showing Voices from the Shadows. It is a very profound and great video, but it is seen as a downer. Well, this illness is a downer.

There is something so frightening about the core of this illness - from which almost everyone turns away. A little of this "ground zero"can be seen in Natalie Boulton's and Josh Bigg's extraordinary film. Dr. Montoya had the wisdom, the courage to show "Voices" at the Stanford Conference. (Dr. Montoya understands, he has learned this.) These totally isolated human beings hold the key - or a key - to the essential nature of this strange and devastating illness. Why are they not studied? Why does everyone turn away? Can we move forward if we are a bunch of cowards? If one is careful, blood, urine, saliva and feces can be removed from these patients (in some cases). If one wants to know what tests to do, I and others can tell you.

The efforts here at the conference and elsewhere to engage or embrace the severe ME patient is pathetic - really pathetic - and this means something.

Maybe this is all an age-related problem? Maybe I am just unable to see all the connecting parts at this conference and put them together? I will have to ask others, back in NY, like Jay Spero, if this is the problem, if this is my problem. In the meantime, I am in a hurry. I am not interested in the one-hundred year fix. I am less interested in stasis and more interested in dynamism, as reflected perhaps in what Dr. Skip Pridgen announced yesterday. Was Dr. Pridgen at this conference?

A number of serious clinicians did not go to this conference - Dr Eric Gordon, Dr. Kenny De Meirleir, Dr. Ritchie Shoemaker, Dr Derek Enlander, and Dr. Joseph Brewer. One has to ask why?

Blue Skies in MN (NK cell function)

I was pleased to receive the DVD of the Invest in ME conference. The Invest in ME conference was held in London in late May and is the premier research conference on ME/CFS. It is useful for me to watch a number of these lectures again - as I missed much during the conference day. It is an overwhelming concentration of information. Yesterday I watched Dr. Andy Kogelnik's presentation on the Open Medicine Institute. Today I viewed the lecture by Dr. Don Staines. It is a fine little talk and seeing it the second time ratcheted up my understanding of the great importance of this research. Dr. Staines is associated with the NK cell research going on at Griffin University in Australia. He was standing in for Dr. Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik, who was unable to make the conference at the last moment. Dr. Marshall-Gradisnik, working in collaboration with Dr. Dan Peterson and Simmaron Research, was scheduled to give an update on her work. Dr. Staines gave an overview of the work being done in Dr. Marshall-Gradisnik's lab on NK cells and other immuological aspects of ME/CFS.

Dr Staines demonstrated that Dr. Marshall-Gradisnik's studies revealed a clear impairment of NK cell function in ME/CFS, as well as a consistent reduction in NK cell lysis. This study points to low NK cell cytotoxity in this patient population. He went on to characterize a number of other immunuological impairments, including aberrant NK bright cells. These impairments across a variety of compartments form a fingerprint of this illness. (Interestingly Dr. Ian Lipkin suggested very much the same thing on September 10, 2013.)

Dr. Staines indicated that much rides on the outcome of this research by Dr. Sonya Marshall-Gradnisnik. Dr. Marshall-Gradnisnki and Griffith University recently presented five papers at the International Conference of Immunology in Milan. This paper examines Neutrophil function in ME/CFS. This one focuses on T cell dysregulation. A third examines Dendritic cells and Monocytes. Hopefully more will be published soon. I myself put great weight on the importance of this ongoing research and believe it will give a clear avenue into this illness, its diagnosis and treatment.

(Interestingly, in reading about Dr. Staines, I notice that he has done extensive research on Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and ME/CFS, mostly about eight years ago.) 

Meanwhile, back in my world of practicality, I track NK cell functionality in my daughter using the Focus lab NK cell functional assay (LU30). 

Last week I was speaking to Dr. Derek Enlander and I asked the him the following question: “Over the years, I have noticed that a modest increase in NK cell function reflects patient betterment.  Do you find this in your patients?” Dr Enlander answered, “Yes, absolutely.”

The key question is, can NK cell functionality be increased?

It is my experience that MAF 314 raises NK cell functionality to a modest degree over time. No one at this time understands much about the activity of MAF or GcMAF but, in some patients, it does something to strengthen the immune system. My daughter’s NK cell functionality over the past two years is tracked in these NK cell functional assay numbers: 17, 21, 34, 29 and 15 (norm is 9-170).  The numbers in bold are when the patient was taking MAF 314. Since stopping MAF 314, the patient has returned to baseline NK cell function of 15. Since stopping or taking a break in MAF 314, patient betterment has diminished in some regards. In other ways, improvement seems to have been maintained.

Various other compounds are promoted as improving NK cell function. Primary among these is Isoprinosine.  Additionally one might list Zadaxin, l. Shirota (Yakult)), AHCC, Panax ginseng, LDN, Modified Citric Pectin, MGN 3, Epicor, Avemar, Ashwagandha, and ReishiMax (Ganoderma lucidum).

Dr. Nancy Klimas uses both AHCC and Isoprinosine, but there is no published indication of the benefit of these treatments.

Linda Tannenbaum is running a small trial on Moringa oleifera. Moringa is rumored to increase NK cell functionality.

Dr. Derek Enlander has formulated a compilation of various compounds reputed to raise NK cell function. This product is called Long Acting Natural Killer (LANK) and, in time, its activity relative to NK cell function will be tracked in his patients.

I would be interested if anyone has had success in raising NK cell functionality, documented by LU 30 testing. I know of one patient whose NK cell function increased dramatically on anti-retrovirals.

Here is a recent article about NK cell work at nearby University of Minnesota. Here is another recent NK cell function study.

I would recommend purchasing this modestly priced DVD from Invest in ME. A number of the talks are fascinating and illuminating, especially, as I said, with more than one viewing. I am particularly interested in reviewing the presentations of Dr. Amolak Bansal from Epsom and St. Heller University Hospital and also Dr. Carmen Scheibenbogen of Berlin Charite.

All this leads me to restate the obvious. It is important that another conference be established on the model of Invest in ME - one day private discussions, one day of public lecture. The subject needs to be "Treatment Now".  We have watched for eight years as the Invest in ME conference has consolidated and expanded research into ME/CFS - and a similar effort now needs to be made in discussions and presentation of available treatments. A worthy goal would be to formulate a clear diagnostic and treatment protocol for newly diagnosed patients. At this point, with the possibility of standardized treatments, it makes no sense to delay any more on this issue. Enough people have suffered with lousy treatment early on and Dr. Lipkin's talk yesterday indicates what most of us already know: the first few years are critical for intervention in order to blunt the negative progress of this illness. Also more effort needs to be given to those vast number of patients who are severely ill, unable to get proper medical care and ignored in almost all clinical trials. These severe patients hold the key to this illness and they should both be attended to and studied.